NOTE: This project is in progress.

The goal of this project is to build a full-featured HTTP server and client in plain Java without the use of any libraries. The client and server will use Project Loom virtual threads and blocking I/O so that the Java VM will handle all the context switching between virtual threads as they block on I/O.

For more information about Project Loom and virtual threads, here is a good article to read: https://blogs.oracle.com/javamagazine/post/java-virtual-threads

Installation

To add this library to your project, you can include this dependency in your Maven POM:

<dependency>
  <groupId>io.fusionauth</groupId>
  <artifactId>java-http</artifactId>
  <version>0.4.0-RC.3</version>
</dependency>

If you are using Gradle, you can add this to your build file:

implementation 'io.fusionauth:java-http:0.4.0-RC.3'

If you are using Savant, you can add this to your build file:

dependency(id: "io.fusionauth:java-http:0.4.0-RC.3")

Examples Usages:

Creating a server is simple:

import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPListenerConfiguration;
import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPServer;
import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPHandler;

public class Example {
  public static void main(String... args) {
    HTTPHandler handler = (req, res) -> {
      // Handler code goes here
    };

    HTTPServer server = new HTTPServer().withHandler(handler)
                                        .withListener(new HTTPListenerConfiguration(4242));
    server.start();
    // Use server
    server.close();
  }
}

Since the HTTPServer class implements java.io.Closeable, you can also use a try-resource block like this:

import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPListenerConfiguration;
import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPServer;
import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPHandler;

public class Example {
  public static void main(String... args) {
    HTTPHandler handler = (req, res) -> {
      // Handler code goes here
    };

    try (HTTPServer server = new HTTPServer().withHandler(handler)
                                             .withListener(new HTTPListenerConfiguration(4242))) {
      server.start();
      // When this block exits, the server will be shutdown
    }
  }
}

You can also set various options on the server using the with methods on the class like this:

import java.time.Duration;

import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPListenerConfiguration;
import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPServer;
import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPHandler;

public class Example {
  public static void main(String... args) {
    HTTPHandler handler = (req, res) -> {
      // Handler code goes here
    };

    HTTPServer server = new HTTPServer().withHandler(handler)
                                        .withShutdownDuration(Duration.ofSeconds(10L))
                                        .withListener(new HTTPListenerConfiguration(4242));
    server.start();
    // Use server
    server.close();
  }
}

TLS

The HTTP server implements TLS 1.0-1.3 using the Java SSLEngine. To enable TLS for your server, you need to create an HTTPListenerConfiguration that includes a certificate and private key. Most production use-cases will use a proxy such as Apache, Nginx, ALBs, etc. In development, it is recommended that you set up self-signed certificates and load those into the HTTP server.

To set up self-signed certificates on macOS, you can use the program mkcert. Here is an example:

brew install mkcert
mkcert -install
mkdir -p ~/dev/certificates
mkcert -cert-file ~/dev/certificates/example.org.pem -key-file ~/dev/certificates/example.org.key example.org

In production environments, your certificate will likely be signed by one or more intermediate Certificate Authorities. In addition to the server certificate, ensure that all intermediate CA certificates in the chain are included in your pem file.

Now you can load these into the HTTP server like this:

import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.time.Duration;

import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPHandler;
import io.fusionauth.http.server.HTTPServer;

public class Example {
  private String certificate;

  private String privateKey;

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String homeDir = System.getProperty("user.home");
    certificate = Files.readString(Paths.get(homeDir + "/dev/certificates/example.org.pem"));
    privateKey = Files.readString(Paths.get(homeDir + "/dev/certificates/example.org.key"));

    HTTPHandler handler = (req, res) -> {
      // Handler code goes here
    };

    HTTPServer server = new HTTPServer().withHandler(handler)
                                        .withListener(new HTTPListenerConfiguration(4242, certificate, privateKey));
    // Use server
    server.close();
  }
}

And finally, you'll need to add the domain name to your hosts file to ensure that the SNI lookup handles the certificate correctly. For this example, you would use this entry in the /etc/hosts file:

127.0.0.1 example.org

Then you can open https://example.org in a browser or call it using an HTTP client (i.e. Insomnia, Postman, etc or in code).

Performance

A key component for this project is to have awesome performance. Here are some basic metrics using the FusionAuth load test suite against a simple application using the Prime Framework MVC. The controller does nothing except return a simple 200. Here are some simple comparisons between Tomcat, Netty, and java-http.

The load test configuration is set to 10 clients with 500,000 requests each. The client is Restify which is a FusionAuth library that uses HttpURLConnection under the hoods. All the servers were HTTP so that TLS would not introduce any additional latency.

Here are the current test results:

Server	RPS	Failures per second
java-http	63,216	0
Tomcat	51,351	0.103
Netty	540	1.818

Netty and Tomcat both seem to suffer from buffering and connection issues at very high scale. Regardless of the configuration, both servers always begins to fail with connection timeout problems at scale. java-http does not have these issues because of the way it handles connections via the selector. Connections don't back up and client connection pools can always be re-used with Keep-Alive.

The general requirements and roadmap are as follows:

Todos and Roadmap

Server tasks

• [x] Basic HTTP 1.1
• [x] Support Keep-Alive
• [x] Support Expect-Continue 100
• [x] Support chunked request
• [x] Support chunked response
• [x] Support streaming entity bodies (via chunking likely)
• [x] Support compression (default and per response options)
• [x] Support cookies in request and response
• [x] Clean up HTTPRequest
• [x] Support form data
• [x] Support multipart form data
• [x] Support TLS
• [ ] Support trailers
• [ ] Support HTTP 2

Client tasks

• [ ] Basic HTTP 1.1
• [ ] Support Keep-Alive
• [ ] Support TLS
• [ ] Support Expect-Continue 100
• [ ] Support chunked request and response
• [ ] Support streaming entity bodies
• [ ] Support form data
• [ ] Support multipart form data
• [ ] Support HTTP 2

FAQ

Why virtual threads and not NIO?

Let's face it, NIO is insanely complex to write and maintain. The first 3 versions of java-http used NIO with non-blocking selectors, and we encountered numerous bugs, performance issues, etc. If you compare the 0.3-maintenance branch with main of this project, you'll quickly see that switching to virtual threads and standard blocking I/O made our code MUCH simpler.

Helping out

We are looking for Java developers that are interested in helping us build the client and server. If you know a ton about networks and protocols and love writing clean, high-performance Java, contact us at dev@fusionauth.io.

Building with Savant

Note: This project uses the Savant build tool. To compile using Savant, follow these instructions:

$ mkdir ~/savant
$ cd ~/savant
$ wget http://savant.inversoft.org/org/savantbuild/savant-core/2.0.0-RC.6/savant-2.0.0-RC.7.tar.gz
$ tar xvfz savant-2.0.0-RC.7.tar.gz
$ ln -s ./savant-2.0.0-RC.7 current
$ export PATH=$PATH:~/savant/current/bin/